World radiocommunication conference 12 : implications for the spectrum eco-system

Spectrum allocation is once more a key issue facing the global telecommunications industry. Largely overlooked in current debates, however, is the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC). Decisions taken by WRC shape the future roadmap of the telecommunications industry, not least because it has the ability to shape the global spectrum allocation framework. In the debates of WRC-12 it is possible to identify three main issues: enhancement of the international spectrum regulatory framework, regulatory measures required to introduce Cognitive Radio Systems (CRS) technologies; and, additional spectrum allocation to mobile service. WRC-12 eventually decided not to change the current international radio regulations with regard to the first two issues and agreed to the third issue. The main implications of WRC-12 on the spectrum ecosystem are that most of actors are not in support of the concept of spectrum flexibility associated with trading and that the concept of spectrum open access is not under consideration. This is explained by the observation that spectrum trading and spectrum commons weaken state control over spectrum and challenge the main principles and norms of the international spectrum management regime. In addition, the mobile allocation issue has shown the lack of conformity with the main rules of the regime: regional spectrum allocation in the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) three regions, and the resistance to the slow decision making procedures. In conclusion, while the rules and decision-making procedures of the international spectrum management regime were challenged in the WRC-12, the main principles and norms are still accepted by the majority of countries

Radiocarbon Chronology of the Inca Expansion in Argentina

The purpose of this article is to broaden the information available on the chronology of the Inca expansion in Collasuyu by analyzing all radiocarbon dates obtained in Argentina’s Inca sites. We evaluated and classified all the dates (n=178) into three different groups (G1, G2, and G3), according to the quantity and quality of contextual information, and the possibility of effectively verifying this information through published articles. The interpretation was mainly based on the dates showing the best information regarding the origin and context of the samples (28 of the G1, and 36 of the G2). Our results indicate that the Inca advance started towards the beginnings of 15th Century AD in the northernmost part of Argentina and rapidly continued southwards, probably reaching the province of Mendoza some 50 years later. This study confirms the differences between the ethnohistoric chronology and the radiocarbon data, previously pointed out by other authors. Moreover, it suggests a sequence of at least three stages in which the Incas would have incorporated the existing territories until ca. 24°, 28°, and 34° 30' S, respectively. This is the first global study of Inca chronology in Argentina, and the first time that dates are classified to determine their level of context information and reliability.La finalidad de este artículo es contribuir al conocimiento sobre la cronología de la expansión incaica en el Collasuyu, mediante el análisis de todas las dataciones radiocarbónicas publicadas de sitios incaicos en Argentina. Evaluamos y clasificamos todas las fechas (n = 178), en tres grupos diferentes (G1, G2 y G3), de acuerdo con la cantidad y calidad de la información contextual, y con la posibilidad de verificarla, de manera efectiva, a través de los artículos publicados. La interpretación se basó principalmente en las fechas que revelan la mejor información sobre el origen y el contexto de las muestras (28 del G1 y 36 del G2). Nuestros resultados indican que el avance incaico comenzó a principios del siglo XV d. C., en el extremo norte de Argentina, y que culminó unos cincuenta años después en la provincia de Mendoza. Este estudio confirma las diferencias entre las dataciones radiocarbónicas y las fechas etnohistóricas previamente señaladas por otros autores. Además, sugiere una secuencia de al menos tres etapas en las que los incas habrían incorporado los territorios existentes hasta ca. 24°, 28° y 34° 30' S, respectivamente. Este es el primer estudio global sobre la cronología inca en Argentina, y es la primera vez que las fechas son clasificadas y utilizadas según su nivel de información, contexto y confiabilidad.O objetivo deste artigo é contribuir para o conhecimento da cronologia da expansão inca no Collasuyu, analisando todas as datações de radiocarbono publicadas de sítios incas na Argentina. Avaliamos e classificamos todas as datas (n = 178) em três grupos distintos (G1, G2 e G3) de acordo com a quantidade e qualidade das informações contextuais e com a possibilidade de sua verificação efetiva pelos artigos publicados. A interpretação baseou-se principalmente nas datas que apresentam as melhores informações sobre a origem e contexto das amostras (28 do G1 e 36 do G2). Nossos resultados indicam que o avanço inca começou no início do século XV d.C., no extremo norte da Argentina e culminou cerca de 50 anos depois na província de Mendoza. Este estudo confirma as diferenças entre a datação por radiocarbono e datas etno-históricas, previamente indicadas por outros autores. Além disso, sugere uma sequência de pelo menos três etapas nas quais os Incas teriam incorporado os territórios existentes até ca. 24°, 28° e 34° 30' S, respectivamente. Este é o primeiro estudo global da cronologia inca na Argentina e é a primeira vez que as datas são classificadas e utilizadas de acordo com seu nível de informação de contexto e confiabilidade.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse